Written by Ian Peter.
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Necessity is the mother of invention, and whenever we really need something,
humans will find a way to have it.
That certainly seems to be the case with the Internet. There had to be an
Internet sometime, because we, as a human species, have always had this deep
desire to communicate, and to communicate over distance.
Thus, speech and language, our primary and oldest communication tools, have been
with us since very early in our evolution. And, not long after, we developed
written forms of communication, and began recording our thoughts and history on
stone, papyrus, wood, cave walls, and any other means available. This is perhaps
our primary activity as humans; in our essence we are communicating beings.
Well before the age of transport, we were looking at ways to communicate over
distance. Some of our early methods were carrier pigeons, smoke signals, and
morse code flags.
Then, as the age of transport, the industrial revolution and the beginnings of
the information age came to us, we set about using the new tools and
technologies available to us to further our capacity to communicate and to
disseminate information.
The Internet as such couldn't have existed without the big inventions of the
19th century - electricity and the telegraph. And, to a lesser degree, there was
unlikely to be an Internet as we know it before there were the standard
electronic broadcast media of radio and television. So the building blocks were
the existing communications and broadcasting technologies. We're not going to go
into all of that - there are lots of other sources of information on Marconi,
Alexander Graeme Bell, Tesla, and the other pioneers whose inventions the
Internet rode on. But let's focus in on the development of electronic networks,
because here we begin to see the future shape of the Internet.
Electronic networks began with the telephone, or telegraph system as it was
known in the beginning. Here the origins are pretty clear - the first line was
built in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore. By 1858 a transatlantic cable was in
place, and by 1861 - a mere seventeen years after the first connection -
telegraph wires covered the USA.
As Marshall McLuhan notes in his 1960s classic, "Understanding Media"
"It is instructive to follow the embryonic stages of any new growth, for during
this period of development it is much misunderstood, whether it be printing or
the motor car or TV".
For instance, the early motor car was called the horseless carriage - and most
people of that day saw only that the motor vehicle would do what the horse and
carriage had done before it. No-one was envisaging aeroplanes, long distance
trucks, high speed highways and cars, intercontinental travel, and the other
advances that came from this base discovery - people just looked at this as a
way to get to town to go shopping.
We see something similar in the case of the telephone system. In the early days,
Alexander Graeme Bell thought it would be good for broadcasting music. So we
envisaged the early uses as being of a "broadcast" nature - one way
communications. Then people thought it would be good for sending Morse code
messages.
However, even back then in 1863 we can see the very beginnings of thinking about
how this new infrastructure might be used one day. In that year futurist Jules
Verne, without a doubt the king of science fiction writing, told us of a future
world where
"photo-telegraphy allowed any writing, signature or illustration to be sent
faraway - every house was wired".
Now that's as good a description of what was to come as you can get! Jules Verne
also anticipated the first trip to the moon, so he often talked of events and
inventions well before they happened.
It was some time before people thought the telegraph system would be good for
people talking to each other, and the word "telephone" evolved. That idea stuck
for quite some time as the dominant purpose of these networks, but by the 1980s
we were beginning to see some other uses for networks emerge.
Within 150 years of its first beginnings, the telegraph network infrastructure
had become the biggest single connected construction on the planet - and off the
planet as well! Just think of it: it wields its way across continents and under
oceans in a massive encircling web of fibre, cables, wires, satelliture, and
wireless connections. These connections carrying our profound thoughts, our
wildest fantasies, our financial transactions, news, music, and just about
anything we can express in words or written language.
This is the physical infrastructure on which the Internet was built, and on
which it relies. This infrastructure also explains the historical role of
telecommunications companies in the Internet. Now they had nothing or very
little to do with the early evolution of the Internet, as we shall see in
following sections, but they did control the infrastructure the Internet used
for distance communication.
The "telephone" network has only come of age since the Internet. Although digital lines that connect high speed Internet networks have been around since 1957, they were used predominantly for voice traffic, and later text based data. But it's probably only a matter of time before we stop calling it the telephone network. To the children of the digital age, telephone doesn't say much. The Internet is
for information, communication, buying and selling, film, exchanging photos and
music, sending messages, talking and messaging, all of the above and much more!
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